While World War 2 was in full swing by now, the United States was not an official player just yet. However, Finnish F2A aircraft were in combat against Soviet forces where they delivered strong over-battlefield results against outclassed enemy pilots - some thirty-six Finnish aces were made piloting F2As. This marked the most success that the line would see in the whole of its wartime career despite various owners employing the platform across multiple theaters.
Back in 1939, Brewster was commissioned to provide a land-based version of its promising carrierborne fighter so this produced the in-house "B-339" product designation. As a land-based fighter, the aircraft could now be simplified as it no longer required navy-minded features like the arrestor hook as it would be operating from full-length prepared runways. The aircraft was fitted with a Wright GR-1820-G104A radial engine of 1,100 horsepower and larger fuel tank for improved range. After a visit by a Belgian group, this aircraft was ordered through forty examples (as the B-339B) and 170 more were contracted by the British (B-339E) to serve as the "Buffalo Mk.I". The British requested "British-centric" equipment, armor protection, and provision for the local, lighter 7.7mm Browning machine gun. The Dutch followed in 1940 with a 72-strong order all their own (B-339C and B-339D).
Due to the speed of the collapse of the Low Countries (which included Belgium), the Belgium machines were rerouted to Britain with first examples arriving during July 1940. It was the British that named the F2A as "Buffalo" and these went on to serve the British Royal Air Force as well as elements of the Australian and New Zealand air services. The Dutch received their first examples in March 1941 for service in the Royal Netherlands Indies Army and ordered 20 more (B-339-23) with Wright GR-1820-G205A radials of 1,200 horsepower but these were rerouted to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) after the fall of the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese. Seventeen of this stock was sent in mid-1942 to the Australians to bolster their local defense.
U.S. Navy interest in the F2A continued as the "F2A-3" was given life in a January 1941 initiative. The objective of ordering 108 of this mark was to supply the Brewster production lines with work amidst the growing war overseas - America remained on the sidelines to this point but was not blind to the worsening situation of its allies. The F2A-3 incorporated many of the changes seen in the export F2A models and brought along a lengthened fuselage to accept the Wright R-1820-40 radial engine. The new engine affected the aircraft's center-of-gravity and would have to be position slightly further ahead than in previous models. As in earlier marks, the F2A-3 retained its armor protection and a collection of 4 x 0.50 caliber heavy machine guns. The last F2A aircraft was completed in March of 1942, rounding out the 509 unit total.
Deliveries of the F3A-3 mark to the USN spanned July to December 1941. It was soon found that the changes brought into the new variant hampered performance and maneuverability which reflected poorly on the rather otherwise competent design. As such, naval aviators disliked the portly little fighter in its newest guise and its combat performance suffered during its short participation in American hands.
On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor and brought the United States into the war. F2A aircraft were still on hand but described as obsolete due to their general instability as gunnery platforms and reduced performance due to excessive weight. This proved painfully clear when F2As were forced to tangle with the nimble Japanese Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" in the early going. Likewise the British and Dutch forces operating Buffalos in Southeast Asia saw similar results with their outmoded machines - forcing in-the-field measures to be enacted to make the fighters serviceable in combat against Japanese types. Turning was improved by reducing weight so this meant that fuel and ammunition carried aboard was limited.
For the Americans, the F2A was rather quickly superseded in the USN inventory as more mature Grumman F4F forms came online and progress was had on the Grumman F6F "Hellcat" and Vought F4U "Corsair" carrier-based fighters. USMC aviators based on Midway Island tried as best they could in their F2A-3 fighters during the Battle of Midway covering June 4th through June 7th, 1942. While a decisive American victory, the battle made it clear that the fighting days of the F2A series were at an end. Its pilots began referring to their little machines as "flying coffins".
The F2A-3, as completed, showcased a maximum speed of 321 miles per hour, a cruising speed of 161 miles per hour, a range out to 965 miles, and a service ceiling of 33,200 feet. Rate-of-climb reached 2,440 feet-per-minute.
A few Buffalos were captured by the Japanese, test flown, and used in propaganda footage. The Finns attempted a local development of the Brewster fighter as the VL "Humu" - though only one was completed and flew for the first time on August 8th, 1944.
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